For the full article, see. Chamberlain flew to Munich to attend summit w/France, Italy & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudenten territories to Germany in return of Hitler promising respect sovereignty of remainder of Czechoslovakia, Nonaggression treaty between Russia and Germany allowing Germany to fight a one front war until Germany violated treaty by invading Russia, "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939, "Phony War" with Hitler in 1939-1940 where Hitler prepared for his attack. Despite the division, the government managed to engage the greatest war effort since the First World War. for a group? The start date of Operation Overlord. During the first weeks of the war, the Popular Front government of France also supported the Republicans, but internal opposition forced a change of policy. Franco's wing The protagonist of Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell In 1931, leftist Republican parties triumphed in municipal and national elections, forcing Alfonso to leave Spain. Term Paper, AP European History Class, April 2007 Table of Contents I. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. EXAMPLE: 5 days ago, members of my family joined in a lovly birthday celebration for my great-auntes. Its earliest use was to describe individual political radicals unconnected with any party. on 50-99 accounts. AP European History Past Exam Questions Free-Response Questions Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. The U.S. had frozen Japanese assets and cut off their oil supplies, which hindered Japan's plans for expansion. About 500,000 people died in the war, and all Spaniards were deeply scarred by the trauma. Wed love to have you back! Contact us Many people who believed in Pan-Slavism wanted Russia to extend its borders into the Balkans. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% city in the northwest corner of France where the allied troops were trapped by the advancing Germany Army. It failed in its purpose but was significant for later developments in international law. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States. the signature work of Adolf Hitler, combining elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's political ideology of Nazism. Hitler commissioned the film and served as an unofficial executive producer, an fascist political organization founded by Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 in opposition to the Second Spanish Republic. A diverse bunch,. This does not include all those who died from malnutrition, starvation, and war-engendered disease. Mussolini's Italy sent guns, tanks, Planes, and men. World War II Pacific battle; decisive U.S. victory over powerful Japanese carrier force. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In the Spanish Civil War, service for Spaniards living abroad was optional and would have involved a voluntary return to the country to join either side. France During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938). On July 17, 1936, army officers in Spanish Morocco, North Africa, launched a revolt against the government. Peace was kept through the partition of the Ottoman Empire; Russians obtained Batum and Kars, won independence for the Serbs and Romanians, recognized Montenegro as an independent state, and divided Bulgaria into three zones still within the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary was to "occupy and administer" Bosnia, Britain received Cyprus (a large island), France was told they might expand from Algeria into Tunisia, Italy got cheated out of anything, and Germany got nothing. leadership. It was the first disarmament conference in history, and is studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement. Spanish Civil War, (193639) Military revolt against the government of Spain. an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia with the purpose of defending against Hungarian irredentism and preventing the Habsburg restoration, the 1938 annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi regime, a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940. The wars end brought a period of dictatorship that lasted until the mid-1970s. leader of the American forces in Europe during WWII leader of troops in Africa and commander in D Day invasion, Italian fascist who rules after Mussolini and with whom the US negotiates a surrender (so much for unconditional surrender--Stalin embittered). 800 British ships, ranging from warships to fishing boats, crossed the channel from England to rescue over 300,000 British and French troops. EXAMPLE:The girl with the brown hair is a new student. First published in 1929, it was based on a series of lectures she delivered at Newnham College and Girton College, two women's colleges at Cambridge University in 1928. a German novelist, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and often ironic epic novels and mid-length stories, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and intellectual. until his death in 1975. a worldwide economic downturn which started in October of 1929 and lasted through most of the 1930s. Triple Entente The Triple Entente refers to the unofficial alliance between England, France, and Russia, created to counter the alliance Triple Alliance. He supported the rebels against the Discount, Discount Code out the war than the clumsy democratic government of the Republicans. Britain, The Spanish Republicans turned to the Soviet Union for support. When Franco was proclaimed head of the Nationalist government on Thus strengthened, the Loyalists fought desperately against Franco and his supporters (including the Roman Catholic Church, of whom they murdered more than 1000 priests and nearly 300 nuns). Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. The war also had mobilized many artists and intellectuals to take up arms. The right reacted with fervor. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. Civil Guard was present. (Crimea Conference or codenamed the Argonaut Conference) the wartime meeting from February 4 to February 11, 1945 between the heads of the U.S., the U.K., and the Soviet Union Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. This body drafted a liberal constitution granting universal suffrage, basic freedoms, separation of Church and state, secular control of mass education, and the nationalization of church property. an Irish writer and poet, widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. A union of Britain and its many current and former colonies. organization founded after World War II to promote international peace and cooperation. Germany and Italy sent troops, tanks, and planes to aid the Nationalists. Ch. ammunition, and was beset by incompetent junior officers and political factions German Chancellor and Fuhrer during World War II, his aggressive tactics were a major factor in the initiation of the second World War. The Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire began the Turkish Revolution of 1908-09. their involvement, and hundreds of airplanes were sent, along with tanks and The Nationalists did experience some . For Germany and Italy, Spain was a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. There were two battles of El Alamein, both during 1942. violence and anarchy which reigned in the streets of Spain. Examine the role of communism and fascism in the Spanish Civil War, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War, The Holocaust Encyclopedia - Spanish Civil War, History Learning Site - The Spanish Civil War, Spanish Civil War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Spanish Civil War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War. Germany also made a great contribution in the form of specialists and This war was begun when Italy declared war on Turkey and conquered Tripoli and the Dodecanese Islands. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Spanish-Civil-War. (1874-1965) He was the British prime minister during World War II and won a Noble prize for literature. Spanish Civil War, (1936-39) Military revolt against the government of Spain.After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. Under the barrage of nationalist attack Barcelona fell, during Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. It was a turning point for World War II. If I've gotten a term wrong, join the "AP Euro - NDHS" Quizlet group, and you should be able to correct it. The Republicans tried to turn their rag-tag militia into an effective fighting Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! The bombing hastened the end of World War II. Tsar of Russia from 1894-1917, who is largely described as being in the wrong position at the wrong time. The Germans essentially told the Austrians to stand firm, so which resulted in the Austrians sending Serbia a harsh ultimatum (this demanded things such as allowing Austrian officials to investigate and punish the assassinator). Nationalist, fascist leadership proved more effective at carrying Political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. Catalonia fell during February, and Valencia and Madrid collapsed Five; lovely; great-aunts. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). In 1933, new elections produced a rightist government which promptly undid earlier reforms. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. overthrow the government. September 29, 1936, there was no one to challenge his authority. Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Thus, the He proved incapable of managing the state during the time of political turmoil before the end of WWI, and was forced to abdicate his throne during the Russian Revolution in 1917. occurred in 1923 when Germany stopped making their reparation payments required by the Treaty of Versailles. The Republican forces had put down the uprising in other areas, except for some of the larger Andalusian cities, including Sevilla (Seville), Granada, and Crdoba. The painting makes a big impact, both emotionally and physically. The Kaiser was displeased with Moltke and removed him from his position as General. Germany and Japan signed this, promising a common front against communisim. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union as well as from the International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and North America. A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. Generals Goded, Mola, and Francisco Franco on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Franz Ferdinand was emperor of Austria from 1896 until his death. In foreign policy, his government was divided between the traditional anti-militarism of the French left and the urgency of the rising threat of Nazi Germany. You have these wonderful images, for instance. Present were Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Charles de Gaulle. great quantity. It was carried out specifically by removing those involved from positions of influence and by disbanding or rendering impotent the organizations associated with it. judgment of his military advisors, sending bombers and soldiers to Spain in Seeking allies against the threat of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union had embraced a Popular Front strategy, and, as a result, the Comintern directed Spanish communists to support the Republicans. an extended essay by Virginia Woolf. adjective. One source of support for the It developed as a short but highly significant artistic movement between about 1907 and 1914 in France. prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. boredom, disillusionment, or a desire for adventure as often as genuine Many fled Spain, becoming refugees and awaiting the toppling of the Successfully staved off an invasion by the German Luftwaffe. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! Bismarck allied Germany with Austria-Hungary and then with Italy in 1882. It resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty and the Nine-Power Treaty and a number of smaller agreements. . The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. The captaincy of the Nationalists was gradually assumed by General Franco, leading forces he had brought from Morocco. The goal of these operations as planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. Some production of the Hurricane was carried out in Canada by the Canada Car and Foundry Co Ltd. They would wait for 36 years, for Franco remained in power By February 1939, 250,000 Republican soldiers, together with an equal number of civilians, had fled across the border into France. His most prominent work, it is popularly known for its extended length and the notion of involuntary memory, the most famous example being the "episode of the madeleine". to lead the African installment of the Spanish army against the republic. divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the tanks, superior to the German Mark IIs, arrived in October, along with advanced It won the May 1936 legislative elections, leading to the formation of a government first headed by SFIO leader Lon Blum and exclusively composed of Radical-Socialist and SFIO ministers. The Second Balkan War was over Albania, a mainly Muslim region in the Adriatic. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Serbia occupied part of Albania (and was supported by Russia), the Greeks claimed a part, and parts had been promised to Italy. Although the U.S. government stayed neutral in the Spanish Civil War, about 2,800 Americansmany of whom had never before fired a gunvolunteered for the Republican cause. Nationalists suffered from incompetent junior officers, but not to the same It chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. international treaty "providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy." Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The war was an outcome of a polarization of Spanish life and politics that had developed over previous decades. Last Saturday my grandmother's twin sisters, Aunt Maeve and Aunt Margaret, celebrated their sixtyeth birthdays in an enormous family gathering at La Vista Park. one of the major German-language fiction writers of the 20th century. AP Euro. a political slogan used by Irish nationalists in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth century. Many more small nations joined the Allies. This man led the Fascists, fighting republican forces. but he knew nothing of the generals' plans. After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. Moltke divided the forces on the western to counter the Russian army, greatly weakening his army and forcing them to retreat. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. The war ended on 1 April 1939, when the last Republican troops surrendered. leftist volunteers were made up mostly of workers, who volunteered out of Europe was divided by the "iron curtain'. These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II. a propaganda film by the German filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl. aircraft and Soviet military advisors. They assured an alliance with each other while agreeing to support each other against Allied powers. A well-planned military uprising began on July 17, 1936, in garrison towns throughout Spain. A succession of governmental crises culminated in the elections of February 16, 1936, which brought to power a Popular Front government supported by most of the parties of the left and opposed by the parties of the right and what remained of the centre. Bulgaria, Serbia, and Greece decided to join in against the already weak Turkey, hoping to annex some Balkan territory. The Germans were far less generous, but sent the famous Condor War almost entirely in France. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. extent as the Republicans. It outlined the hopes of the democracies and their intentions for improvements after World War II; Renunciation of territorial aggression, No territorial changes without the consent of the peoples concerned, Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government, Access to raw material for all nations, World economic cooperation, Freedom from fear and want, Freedom of the seas, Disarmament of aggressors. - Chevy Chase, SNL . Picasso, who had allied himself with the Republican cause, read about the massacre of defenseless civilians and the theme of the mural for the Spanish Pavilion suddenly presented itself. The Loyalists held the capital at Madrid, the Basque Country, and the developed eastern seaboard, including Catalonia with its cosmopolitan capital at Barcelona. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul use modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer, One of a group of intellectual philosophers of the 1920's in Vienna who believed in logical positivism. More AP Euro Chapter Outlines. He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. The main antagonists were the Nationalists under Gen. Francisco Franco and the Republicans underFrancisco Largo Caballero and, later, Juan Negrn. Causes of WWI Palmer Notes - AP Euro. The D-Day invasion began on the 5 beaches of this region. On March 7 a civil war broke out in Madrid between communist and anticommunist factions. The Congress of Berlin was brought together by Bismarck end the Russo-Turkish War and to prevent an entire European war. in august 1942, the Japanese attacked the American forces with four savage attacks and were repulsed, with horrendous losses on both sides. The air force of Britain. More from Heimler's History:AP REVIEW PACKS (aka, Ultimate Review Packet): +AP Euro: bit.ly/3DHtvz1+AP Government: https://bit.ly/377xQMD+APUSH: https://bit.. A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. In 1937, Hemingway traveled to Spain in order to report on the Spanish Civil War for the North American Newspaper Alliance. He had no real desire to be Tsar of Russia, and was blamed for the unpopular Russo-Japanese War. You can view our. The English Civil War began a historical precedent in the way the monarchs are seen in Western Europe. Despite its short life, the Popular Front government passed much important legislation, including the 40-hour week, paid holidays for the workers, collective bargaining on wage claims and the nationalisation of the arms industry. Fascism was on the march. For the past five years, Tracy has dedicated a yearly three-day Spanish Civil War unit to his AP European History class. Want 100 or more? Terms in this set (376) . a military organization descended from the Irish Volunteers which was recognised in 1919 by Dil ireann as the legitimate army of the unilaterally declared Irish Republic, the Irish state proclaimed in the Easter Rising in 1916 and reaffirmed by the Dil in January 1919. an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance in the Irish Republic, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, both as Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-Chief of the National Army. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. They fought against Spanish Nationalist forces, who were led by General Francisco Franco and assisted by Nazi German and Fascist Italian forces. He led a failed military coup against the democratically elected republican government. An elected center-left government faced a military revolt that eventually resulted in the creation of an authoritarian regime. On September 2, 1945, the Japanese emperor formally surrendered on this ship in Tokyo Bay. The ruling Republican government, led by the socialist premiers Francisco Largo Caballero and Juan Negrn (18941956) and the liberal president Manuel Azaa y Daz, was supported by workers and many in the educated middle class as well as militant anarchists and communists. Legion of about 100 planes, which was largely responsible for the Guernica In response to this loss of good will, France shifted its policy and began to accept the fact that Germany was once again going to be a major player in central European politics. What began as a failed coup spiraled into a proxy war between Europes fascist and communist countries, with the future Allies backing the Republicans and the Axis powers supporting Francos Nationalists. Continue to start your free trial. Arguably one of the most important battles of WWII. Franco became dictator of Spain until he died in 1975. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately. fast, maneuverable British fighter plane that helped England win the Battle of Britain. The Allied Powers consisted mainly of Great Britain (the entirety of its empire), France, Russia, the United States, and Italy. Omissions? Germany and Italy intervened in the long, complicated Spanish Civil War, where their support eventually helped General Francisco Franco's fascist movement defeat republican Spain (Spain's only official aid came from the U.S.S.R) . AP European History Textbook . The Republicans, aided by the Soviet Union, By all rights, the legitimate, elected government should have won this struggle against a handful of insurgent generals. This treaty averted war for the time being but left both the Russians and Turks dissatisfied and later was one of the causes for the First World War. Chapter 12 Identifications (Spielvogel) Chapter 13: European Society in the . Picasso uses jagged, fragmented forms and distorted faces to great effect, creating an atmosphere of panic and terror. Still the democracies did not act, and would not do so until they were forced to go to war once again, war total and world-wide. The uprising consisted of military action between the existing republican government and a nationalist faction led by a military General called Francisco Franco. At first it looked as if the plan would work, but Russia was able to mobilize its army much faster than anyone had anticipated and penetrated the border of East Prussia. The political and emotional reverberations of the war far transcended those of a national conflict, for many in other countries saw the Spanish Civil War as part of an international conflict betweendepending on their point of viewtyranny and democracy, or fascism and freedom, or communism and civilization. The Spanish Civil War (18 July 1936 - 1 April 1939) was a civil war between Republicans and Nationalists. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Nationally, representatives supposedly devised the country's plans for Italy's economic self-sufficiency. Both sides repressed opposition; together, they executed or assassinated more than 50,000 suspected enemies to their respective causes. was a Russian painter, printmaker and art theorist. one of the most distinguished German field marshals of World War II. was a French painter and sculptor who, with Pablo Picasso, developed cubism and became one of the major figures of twentieth-century art. In the elections of February 1936 the left won a clear majority. Internecine conflict compromised the Republican effort from the outset. It called for the elimination of primarily Jews, but also non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. stirred by the Nationalists were easily defeated in many cities where the loyal Correct the punctuation in the following sentences by placing semicolons and colons where they are needed. largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. Lesson 5 - The Spanish Civil War & the Influence of Foreign Powers: . Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II -- led to USSR joining the Allies. the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 in Tehran, Iran. Omissions? In the 1890s it was used by the Gaelic League, which advocates the revival of the Irish language. painting by Pablo Picasso, which he was already working on at the time of the Nazi German bombing of Gernika, Spain, by twenty-four bombers, on April 26, 1937 during the Spanish Civil War, and which he decided to name after it. After the war, he was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. He was also a pastor and one of the leading thinkers in the neo-orthodox movement. Within months Barcelona would fall, and on March 28, 1939, some 200,000 Nationalist troops entered Madrid unopposed. The Civil War took place because the rising was successful only in Old Castile, in Navarra, where Carlist support was decisive, and, of the larger towns, in Zaragoza, Sevilla, Crdoba, Valladolid, and Cdiz. an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance. his people viewed him as a god. Among the most notable artistic responses to the war were the novels Mans Hope (1938) by Andr Malraux, Adventures of a Young Man (1939) by John Dos Passos, and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) by Ernest Hemingway; George Orwells memoir Homage to Catalonia (1938); Pablo Picassos painting Guernica (1937); and Robert Capas photograph Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spain (1936). In Egypt, Allied (primarily Commonwealth) forces under a British Field Marshal Montgomery finally stopped the Germans under the command of Field Marshal Rommel. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. While Picasso expressed anger and condemnation of Franco and the Fascists through his art he did not take up arms against them. He sought to introduce mathematics into philosophy, and rejected ambiguities of languages applied to morals and values. A naval base in Hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which forced America to enter the war, Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942-1943. As the bloody conflict escalated, the Republican bombing. He was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking, bizarre, and beautiful images in his surrealist work. a document that is an attempt to control king (Charles I) included: -no taxes unless approved by Parliament -no forced loans, no martial law in peacetime, no imprisonment without trial, no quartering of soldiers -KING NOT ABOVE LAW Charles agreed to the petition only because he needed the money lead up to Civil War Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The following day the remnant of the Republican government surrendered; Franco would establish himself as dictator and remain in power until his death on November 20, 1975. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). an English novelist and essay writer who is regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century.